Using a compass and map for the first time — what are the basics?

Understanding the Map

When using a topographic map, it’s essential to understand the scale, which is usually represented by a ratio such as 1:24,000. This means that one inch on the map equals 24,000 inches in real life, or 2,000 feet. The legend, usually found in the map’s margin, explains the symbols used to represent different features such as trails, roads, and bodies of water.

Using the Compass

A compass typically consists of a magnetic needle, a rotating bezel, and a direction-of-travel arrow. To take a bearing, align the direction-of-travel arrow with the desired direction, then rotate the bezel until the magnetic needle is between the arrow and the direction-of-travel indicator. The degree of rotation between the two is the bearing. To ensure accuracy, take multiple readings and average them.

Orienting the Map

To orient the map to match the compass’s magnetic needle, hold the map flat and align the map’s grid lines with the Earth’s magnetic lines of force. This is done by rotating the map until the magnetic needle and the map’s grid lines are parallel. Use the sun, shadows, or natural features to help you determine the direction of north, then adjust the map accordingly. Practice this technique outdoors to develop your skills.